Elliptic Curves over $\mathbb{F}_p$

Given points $P_1, P_2 \in E(\mathbb{F}_p)$, $P_1 + P_2 = P_3$ is defined such that $-P_3$ is the third point of intersection between $\overline{P_1P_2}$ and $E(\mathbb{F}_p)$. If $P_1 = P_2$ then $\overline{P_1P_2}$ is defined to be the tangent line. If the line does not intersect a point on the curve, then $P_3$ is defined to be the point at infinity, $\mathcal{O}$.

Properties:

• $P + \mathcal{O} = \mathcal{O} + P = P$.
• $P + -P = \mathcal{O},$ where $-P = (x, -y)$.
• $P + (Q + R) = (P + Q) + R$.
• $P + Q = Q + P$.

Let $E: y^2 = x^3 + ax + b$ be a non-singular elliptic curve and let $P_1(x_1, y_1), P_2(x_2, y_2) \in E$.

1. If $P_1 = \mathcal{O}$ then $P_1 + P_2 = P_2$ (and vice versa).
2. If $x_1 = x_2$ and $y_1 = -y_2$ then $P_1 + P_2 = \mathcal{O}$.
3. Otherwise,

   $$\large\lambda\normalsize \equiv_p \begin{cases} \Large\frac{y_2 - y_1}{x_2 - x_1} & \text{if}\ P_1 \neq P_2\\\\ \Large\frac{3x_1^2 + a}{2y_1} & \text{if}\ P_1 = P_2 \end{cases}$$

   Then,

   $$\begin{align*} P_3(x_3, y_3) :&= P_1 + P_2\\ x_3 &\equiv_p \lambda^2 - x_1 - x_2\\ y_3 &\equiv_p \lambda(x_1 - x_3) - y_1 \end{align*}$$